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Appendix C. Asynchronous
Communication
Serial data communications implies that individual bits of a character are
transmitted consecutively to a receiver that assembles the bits back into a character.
Data rate, error checking, handshaking, and character framing (start/stop bits) are
pre-defined and must correspond at both the transmitting and receiving ends.
Asynchronous communication is the standard means of serial data communication
for PC and compatible computers. The original PC was equipped with a
communication or COM port that was designed around an 8250 Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART), which allows asynchronous serial
data to be transferred through a simple and straightforward programming device.
Asynchronous communication works this way: A start bit, followed by a pre-defined
number of data bits (5, 6, 7, or 8) defines character boundaries for asynchronous
communication. The end of the character is defined by the transmission of a pre-
defined number of stop bits (usually 1, 1.5, or 2).
Figure C-1. Asynchronous communication bit diagram.
An extra bit used for error detection is often appended before the stop bits. This
special bit is called the parity bit. Parity is a simple way to determine if a data bit
has been lost or corrupted during transmission. There are several methods for
implementing a parity check to guard against data corruption. Common methods
are called (E)ven Parity or (O)dd Parity. Sometimes parity is not used to detect
errors on the data stream (this is called [N]o Parity). Because each bit in
asynchronous communication is sent consecutively, it is wrapped (framed) by pre-
defined bits to mark the beginning and end of the serial transmission of the
character. The data rate and communication parameters for asynchronous
communication have to be the same at both the transmitting and receiving ends.
The communication parameters are baud rate, parity, number of data bits per
character, and stop bits—for example, 9600, N, 8, 1.
APPENDIX C: Asynchronous Communication