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MG16-6FX.book Page 1 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM MIXING CONSOLE Owner’s Manual Making the Most Of Your Mixer Pages 6 to 18 E  MG16-6FX.book Page 2 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Precautions —For safe operation— WARNING ● Installation ● ● ● ● Connect this unit’s AC power adaptor only to an AC outlet of the type stated in this Owner’s Manual or as marked on the unit. Failure to do so is a fire and electrical shock hazard. Do not allow water to enter this unit or allow the unit to become wet. Fire or electrical shock may result. Do not place a container with liquid or small metal objects on top of this unit. Liquid or metal objects inside this unit are a fire and electrical shock hazard. Do not place heavy objects, including this unit, on top of the power cord. A damaged power cord is a fire and electrical shock hazard. In particular, be careful not to place heavy objects on a power cord covered by a carpet. ● ● In case an abnormality occurs during operation ● ● Operation ● ● ● Do not scratch, bend, twist, pull, or heat the power cord. A damaged power cord is a fire and electrical shock hazard. Do not remove the unit’s cover. You could receive an electrical shock. If you think internal inspection, maintenance, or repair is necessary, contact your dealer. Do not modify the unit. Doing so is a fire and electrical shock hazard. If lightning begins to occur, turn off the power switch of the unit as soon as possible, and unplug the power plug from the electrical outlet. If there is a possibility of lightning, do not touch the power plug if it is still connected. Doing so may be an electrical shock hazard. Use only the included AC power adaptor (PA-30) for this unit. Using other types may be a fire and electrical shock hazard. ● If the power cord is damaged (i.e., cut or a bare wire is exposed), ask your dealer for a replacement. Using the unit with a damaged power cord is a fire and electrical shock hazard. Should this unit and AC adaptor be dropped or the cabinet be damaged, turn the power switch off, remove the power plug from the AC outlet, and contact your dealer. If you continue using the unit without heeding this instruction, fire or electrical shock may result. If you notice any abnormality, such as smoke, odor, or noise, or if a foreign object or liquid gets inside the unit, turn it off immediately. Remove the power plug from the AC outlet. Consult your dealer for repair. Using the unit in this condition is a fire and electrical shock hazard. CAUTION Installation ● ● ● 2 Keep this unit away from the following locations: - Locations exposed to oil splashes or steam, such as near cooking stoves, humidifiers, etc. - Unstable surfaces, such as a wobbly table or slope. - Locations exposed to excessive heat, such as inside a car with all the windows closed, or places that receive direct sunlight. - Locations subject to excessive humidity or dust accumulation. Hold the power plug when disconnecting it from an AC outlet. Never pull the cord. A damaged power cord is a potential fire and electrical shock hazard. Do not touch the power plug with wet hands. Doing so is a potential electrical shock hazard. MG16/6FX ● To relocate the unit, turn the power switch off, remove the power plug from the AC outlet, and remove all connecting cables. Damaged cables may cause fire or electrical shock. Operation ● ● Do not cover or wrap the AC power adaptor with a cloth or blanket. Heat may build up under the cloth or blanket, melting the case, or causing fire. Use only in a well-ventilated environment. If you know you will not use this unit for a log period of time, such as when going on vacation, remove the power plug from the AC outlet. Leaving it connected is a potential fire hazard.  MG16-6FX.book Page 3 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Precautions —For correct operation — Connector pin assignments ● ● Interference from Cell Phones XLR-type connectors are wired as follows Pin 1: ground; Pin 2: hot (+); Pin 3: cold (–). INSERT TRS phone jacks are wired as follows Sleeve: ground; Tip: send; Ring: return. ● Use of a mobile phone near this unit may induce noise. If noise occurs, move the phone further from the unit. Replacement of Consumable Parts ● The performance of components with movable contacts—such as switches, rotary controls, faders, and connectors—deteriorates over time. While the rate of wear may vary greatly according to usage conditions, some amount of wear is unavoidable. When parts wear out, consult your dealer about appropriate replacements. ● ● Always turn the power off when the mixer is not in use. Even when the power switch is in the “STANDBY” position, electricity is still flowing to the mixer at the minimum level. When you are not using the mixer for a long time, make sure you unplug the AC power adaptor from the wall AC outlet. Copying of commercially available music data and/or digital audio files, except for personal use, is strictly prohibited. Illustrations in this manual are for explanatory purposes only, and may not match the actual appearance of the product during operation. Company names and product names used in this Owner’s Manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. FCC INFORMATION (U.S.A.) 1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: DO NOT MODIFY THIS UNIT! This product, when installed as indicated in the instructions contained in this manual, meets FCC requirements. Modifications not expressly approved by Yamaha may void your authority, granted by the FCC, to use the product. 2. IMPORTANT: When connecting this product to accessories and/or another product use only high quality shielded cables. Cable/s supplied with this product MUST be used. Follow all installation instructions. Failure to follow instructions could void your FCC authorization to use this product in the USA. 3. NOTE: This product has been tested and found to comply with the requirements listed in FCC Regulations, Part 15 for Class “B” digital devices. Compliance with these requirements provides a reasonable level of assurance that your use of this product in a residential environment will not result in harmful interference with other electronic devices. This equipment generates/uses radio frequencies and, if not installed and used according to the instructions found in the users manual, may cause interference harmful to the operation of other electronic devices. Compliance with FCC regulations does not guarantee that interference will not occur in all installations. If this product is found to be the source of interference, which can be determined by turning the unit “OFF” and “ON”, please try to eliminate the problem by using one of the following measures: Relocate either this product or the device that is being affected by the interference. Utilize power outlets that are on different branch (circuit breaker or fuse) circuits or install AC line filter/s. In the case of radio or TV interference, relocate/reorient the antenna. If the antenna lead-in is 300 ohm ribbon lead, change the lead-in to co-axial type cable. If these corrective measures do not produce satisfactory results, please contact the local retailer authorized to distribute this type of product. If you can not locate the appropriate retailer, please contact Yamaha Corporation of America, Electronic Service Division, 6600 Orangethorpe Ave, Buena Park, CA90620 The above statements apply ONLY to those products distributed by Yamaha Corporation of America or its subsidiaries. * This applies only to products distributed by YAMAHA CORPORATION OF AMERICA. (class B) IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM Connecting the Plug and Cord IMPORTANT. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code: BLUE : NEUTRAL BROWN : LIVE As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured makings identifying the terminals in your plug proceed as follows: The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK. The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED. Making sure that neither core is connected to the earth terminal of the three pin plug. • This applies only to products distributed by Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. (2 wires). MG16/6FX 3  MG16-6FX.book Page 4 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Introduction Thank you for your purchase of the YAMAHA MG16/6FX mixing console. This mixing console combines ease of operation with support for multiple usage environments, and is ideal for SR setups, installed systems, and many other such applications. Please read through this Owner’s Manual carefully before beginning use, so that you will be able to take full advantage of this mixer’s superlative features and enjoy trouble-free operation for years to come. Features ● The MG16/6FX provides 16 input channels and mixes the signals into Stereo and Group outputs. ● With high-quality digital effects built in, the MG16/6FX can deliver a wide range of sound variations even when used on its own. It also includes an EFFECT SEND jack that can be used to connect an external effector. ● The monitor includes a convenient C-R OUT jack. This jack can be used to monitor the main Stereo output, the PFL signal, or the Group 1-2 signals. ● The mixer includes dual AUX SEND jacks and a single RETURN jack. The two independent AUX buses may be used as sends to external effectors and monitor systems. ● Phantom power supply enables easy connection to condenser microphones that run on external power. ● The mixer provides channel-specific INSERT I/O jacks for input channels 1 to 8. These jacks make it possible to insert different effectors into different channels. ● Input channels 1 to 8, 9/10, and 11/12 are each equipped with both an XLR mic input jack and a TRS phone-type line jack. Input channels 13/14 and 15/16 are each equipped with both a TRS line input jack and an RCA line input jack. This wide assortment of connectors enables connection to many different devices, from microphones to line-level devices to stereo-output synthesizers. Contents Introduction ............................................................... 4 Features ............................................................... 4 Contents .............................................................. 4 Before Turning on the Mixer ................................. 5 Turning the Power On .......................................... 5 Making the Most Of Your Mixer ................................. 6 1 A Place For Everything and Everything In Its Place ....................................................... 7 2 Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside the Box .......................................................... 10 3 The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound .... 11 4 External Effects, Monitor Mixes, and Groups .................................................... 13 5 Making Better Mixes ...................................... 16 Front & Rear Panels ................................................ 19 Channel Control Section .................................... 19 Master Control Section ...................................... 21 Rear Input/Output Section ................................. 23 Setting Up ............................................................... 25 Setup Procedure ................................................ 25 Setup Examples ................................................ 25 Rack Mounting ................................................... 27 Appendix ................................................................. 28 Specifications .................................................... 28 Dimensional Diagrams ....................................... 30 Block Diagram and Level Diagram .................... 31 4 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 5 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Introduction Before Turning on the Mixer (1) Be sure that the mixer’s power switch is in the STANDBY position. Use only the PA-30 adaptor included with this mixer. Use of a different adaptor may result in equipment damage, overheating, or fire. (2) Connect the power adaptor to the AC ADAPTOR IN connector ( 1) on the rear of the mixer, and then turn the fastening ring clockwise ( 2) to secure the connection. Turning the Power On Press the mixer’s power switch to the ON position. When you are ready to turn the power off, press the power switch to the STANDBY position. Note that trace current continues to flow while the switch is in the STANDBY position. If you do not plan to use the mixer again for a long while, please be sure to unplug the adaptor from the wall outlet. 2 1 (3) Plug the power adaptor into a standard household power outlet. • Be sure to unplug the adaptor from the outlet when not using the mixer, or when there are lightning storms in the area. • To avoid generating unwanted noise, make sure there is adequate distance between the power adaptor and the mixer. MG16/6FX 5  MG16-6FX.book Page 6 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer An Introduction You’ve got yourself a mixer and now you’re ready to use it. Just plug everything in, twiddle the controls, and away you go … right? Well, if you’ve done this before you won’t have any problems, but if this is the first time you’ve ever used a mixer you might want to read through this little tutorial and pick up a few basics that will help you get better performance and make better mixes. 6 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 7 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 1 A Place For Everything and Everything In Its Place 1-1. A Plethora Of Connectors—What Goes Where? Questions you’re likely to encounter when setting up a system for the first time might include “Why all these different types of connectors on the back of my mixer?” and “What’s the difference?”. Let’s start by taking a look at the most common connector types. The Venerable RCA Pin Jack White Red This is the “consumer connector,” and the one that has been most commonly used on home audio gear for many years. Also known as “phono” jacks (short for ”phonogram”), but the term isn’t used much these days—besides, it’s too easily confusable with “phone” jacks, below. RCA pin jacks are always unbalanced, and generally carry a line-level signal at –10 dB, nominal. You’re most likely to use this type of connector when connecting a CD player or other home audio type source to your mixer, or when connecting the output of your mixer to a cassette recorder or similar gear. The Versatile Phone Jack The name “phone jack” arose simply because this configuration was first used in telephone switchboards. Phone jacks can be tricky because you can’t always tell what type of signal they’re designed to handle just by looking at them. It could be unbalanced mono, unbalanced stereo, balanced mono, or an insert patch point. The connector’s label will usually tell you what type of signal it handles, as will the owner’s manual (you do keep your manuals in a safe place, don’t you?). A phone jack that is set up to handle balanced signals is also often referred to as a “TRS” phone jack. “TRS” stands for Tip-Ring-Sleeve, which describes the configuration of the phone plug used. Stereo/TRS phone plug Mono phone plug The Sturdy XLR Male This type of connector is generally referred to as “XLR-type,” and almost always carries a balanced signal. If the corresponding circuitry is designed properly, however, XLR-type connectors will also handle unbalanced signals with no problem. Microphone cables usually have this type of connector, as do the inputs and outputs of most professional audio gear. Female MG16/6FX 7  MG16-6FX.book Page 8 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 1-2. Balanced, Unbalanced—What’s the Difference? In a word: “noise.” The whole point of balanced lines is noise rejection, and it’s something they’re very good at. Any length of wire will act as an antenna to pick up the random electromagnetic radiation we’re constantly surrounded by: radio and TV signals as well as spurious electromagnetic noise generated by power lines, motors, electric appliances, computer monitors, and a variety of other sources. The longer the wire, the more noise it is likely to pick up. That’s why balanced lines are the best choice for long cable runs. If your “studio” is basically confined to your desktop and all connections are no more than a meter or two in length, then unbalanced lines are fine—unless you’re surrounded by extremely high levels of electromagnetic noise. Another place balanced lines are almost always used is in microphone cables. The reason for this is that the output signal from most microphones is very small, so even a tiny amount of noise will be relatively large, and will be amplified to an alarming degree in the mixer’s highgain head amplifier. To summarize: Microphones: Short line-level runs: Long line-level runs: Use balanced lines. Unbalanced lines are fine if you’re in a relatively noise-free environment. The ambient electromagnetic noise level will be the ultimate deciding factor, but balanced is best. ■ How Do Balanced Lines Reject Noise? ** Skip this section if technical details make you queasy. ** Balanced lines work on the principle of “phase cancellation”: if you add two identical signals out of phase (i.e. one signal is inverted so its peaks coincide with the troughs in the other signal), the result is … nothing. A flat line. The signals cancel each other out. Normal-phase signal. No signal. (Phase cancellation) Reverse-phase signal. A balanced cable has three conductors: 1) A ground conductor which carries no signal, just the “ground” or “0” reference against which the signal in the other conductors fluctuates. 2) A “hot” or “+” conductor which carries the normal-phase audio signal. 3) A “cold” or “–” conductor which carries the reverse-phase audio signal. While the desired audio signals in the hot and cold conductors are out of phase, any noise induced in the line will be exactly the same in both conductors, and thus in phase. The trick is that the phase of one signal is reversed at the receiving end of the line so that the desired audio signals become inphase, and the induced noise suddenly finds itself out of phase. The out-of-phase noise signal is effectively canceled while the audio signal is left intact. Clever, eh? Normal-phase signal + normal-phase noise. Desired signal with no noise. Normal-phase signal + reverse-phase noise. 8 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 9 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 1-3. Signal Levels—Decibel Do’s and Don’ts From the moment you start dealing with things audio, you’ll have to deal with the term “decibel” and its abbreviation, “dB”. Things can get confusing because decibels are a very versatile unit of measure used to describe acoustic sound pressure levels as well as electronic signal levels. To make matters worse there are a number of variations: dBu, dBV, dBm. Fortunately, you don’t need to be an expert to make things work. Here are a few basics you should keep in mind: ● “Consumer” gear (such as home audio equipment) usually has line inputs and outputs with a nomi- nal (average) level of –10 dB. ● Professional audio gear usually has line inputs and outputs with a nominal level of +4 dB. ● You should always feed –10 dB inputs with a –10 dB signal. If you feed a +4 dB signal into a –10 dB input you are likely to overload the input. ● You should always feed +4 dB inputs with a +4 dB signal. A –10 dB signal is too small for a +4 dB input, and will result in less-than-optimum performance. ● Many professional and semi-professional devices have level switches on the inputs and/or outputs that let you select –10 or +4 dB. Be sure to set these switches to match the level of the connected equipment. ● Inputs that feature a “Gain” control—such as the mono-channel inputs on your Yamaha mixer—will accept a very wide range of input levels because the control can be used to match the input’s sensitivity to the signal. More on this later. MG16/6FX 9  MG16-6FX.book Page 10 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 2 Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside the Box At first glance the block diagram of even a modest mixer can look like a space-station schematic. In reality, block diagrams are a great aid in understanding how the signal flows in any mixer. Here’s a greatly simplified block diagram of a generic mixer to help you become familiar with the way these things work. 2-1. Greatly Simplified Mixer Block Diagram Input Channel Master Section Signals from the mixer’s other input channels (if they are assigned to this master output or “bus”). 1 2 3 ■ Input Channel 1 Head Amp The very first stage in any mixer, and usually the only stage with significant “gain” or “amplification.” The head amp has a “gain” control that adjusts the mixer’s input sensitivity to match the level of the source. Small signals (e.g. mics) are amplified, and large signals are attenuated. 2 Equalizer Could be simple bass and treble controls or a full-blown 4-band parametric EQ. When boost is applied the EQ stage also has gain. You can actually overload the input channel by applying too much EQ boost. It’s usually better to cut than boost. 10 MG16/6FX 4 5 3 Channel Peak LED & Fader The channel peak LED is your most valuable tool for setting the input “gain” control for optimum performance. Note that it is located after the head amp and EQ stage. ■ Master Section 4 Summing Amplifier This is where the actual “mixing” takes place. Signals from all of the mixer’s input channels are “summed” (mixed) together here. 5 Master Fader & Level Meter A stereo, mono, or bus master fader and the mixer’s main output level meter. There could be several master faders depending on the design of the mixer— i.e. the number of buses or outputs it provides.  MG16-6FX.book Page 11 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 3 The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound Before you even consider EQ and effects, or even the overall mix, it is important to make sure that levels are properly set for each individual source. This can’t be stressed enough—initial level setup is vitally important for achieving optimum performance from your mixer! Here’s why … and how. 3-1. The Head Amplifier “Gain” Control Is the Key! Let’s review our simplified mixer block diagram: Each and every “stage” in the mixer’s signal path will add a certain amount of noise to the signal: the head amp, the EQ stage, the summing amplifier, and the other buffer and gain stages that exist in the actual mixer circuit (this applies to analog mixers in particular). The thing to keep in mind is that the amount of noise added by each stage is usually not dependent to any significant degree on the level of the audio signal passing through the circuit. This means that the bigger the desired signal, the smaller the added noise will be in relation to it. In tech-speak this gives us a better “signal-to-noise ratio”—often abbreviated as “S/N ratio.” All of this leads to the following basic rule: To achieve the best overall system S/N ratio, amplify the input to the desired average level as early as possible in the signal path. In our mixer, that means the head amplifier. If you don’t get the signal up to the desired level at the head amplifier stage, you will need to apply more gain at later stages, which will only amplify the noise contributed by the preceding stages. Just remember that too much initial gain is bad too, because it will overload our channel circuitry and cause clipping. MG16/6FX 11  MG16-6FX.book Page 12 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 3-2. Level Setup Procedure For Optimum Performance Now that we know what we have to do, how do we do it? If you take another quick look at the mixer block diagram you’ll notice that there’s a peak indicator located right after the head amplifier and EQ stages, and therein lays our answer! Although the exact procedure you use will depend on the type of mixer you use and the application, as well as your personal preferences, here’s a general outline: 1 Start by setting all level controls to their minimum: master faders, group faders (if provided), channel faders, and input gain controls. Also make sure that no EQ is applied (no boost or cut), and that all effects and dynamic processors included in the system are defeated or bypassed. 2 Apply the source signal to each channel one at a time: have singers sing, players play, and playback devices play back at the loudest expected level. Gradually turn up the input gain control while the signal is being applied to the corresponding channel until the peak indicator begins to flash, then back off a little so that the peak indicator flashes only occasionally. Repeat for each active channel. 3 Raise your master fader(s)—and group faders if available—to their nominal levels (this will be the “0” markings on the fader scale). 4 Now, with all sources playing, you can raise the channel faders and set up an initial rough mix. That’s basically all there is to it. But do keep your eyes on the main output level meters while setting up the mix to be sure you don’t stay in the “peak zone” all the time. If the output level meters are peaking constantly you will need to lower the channel faders until the overall program falls within a good range— and this will depend on the “dynamic range” of your program material. 12 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 13 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 4 External Effects, Monitor Mixes, and Groups 4-1. AUX Buses For Monitor Sends and Overall Effects There are a number of reasons why you might want to “tap” the signal flowing through your mixer at some point before the main outputs: the two most common being 1) to create a monitor mix that is separate from the main mix, and 2) to process the signal via an external effect unit and then bring it back into the mix. Both of these functions, and more, can be handled by the mixer’s AUX (Auxiliary) buses and level controls. If the mixer has two AUX buses, then it can handle both functions at the same time. Larger mixing consoles can have 6, 8, or even more auxiliary buses to handle a variety of monitoring and processing needs. Pre/Post—What’s the difference? pre post A “pre-fader” signal is taken from a point before the channel fader, so the send level is affected only by the AUX send level control and not by the channel fader. A “post-fader” signal is taken from a point after the channel fader, so its level will be affected by both the AUX send level control and the channel fader. Pre-fader sends are most commonly used to provide monitor mixes. Post-fader sends are most commonly used in conjunction with the mixer’s AUX or effect returns for external effect processing. Using the AUX buses and level controls is pretty straightforward. The only thing you need to consider is whether you need a “pre-fader” or “postfader” send. AUX sends often feature a switch that allows you to configure them for pre- or postfader operation. Pre-fader send for a monitor mix. The send signal is fed to the monitor power amplifier and speaker system. The channel fader does not affect the send level so the monitor mix remains independent of the main mix. No return signal is used in this case. Channel Fader Master Fader AUX Send Level AUX Send Level AUX Return Level Post-fader send for external effects processing. The send signal is fed to the external effect unit—a reverb unit, for example—and the output from the effect unit is returned to the AUX Return jack and mixed back into the main program. The send level is affected by the channel fader so the effect level always remains in proportion to the channel signal. MG16/6FX 13  MG16-6FX.book Page 14 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 4-2. Using Groups Group buses and faders can greatly simplify the mixing process—particularly in live situations in which changes have to be made as quickly as possible. If you have a group of channels that need to be adjusted all together while maintaining their relative levels, grouping is the way to go. Simply assign the group to a group bus, and make sure that group is also assigned to the main program bus. Then you can adjust the overall level of the group using a single group fader, rather than having to attempt to control multiple channels faders simultaneously. Group buses usually also have their own outputs, so you can send the group signal to a different external destination from the main mix. A group of channels whose levels need to maintain the same relationship—a drum mix, for example—can be assigned to a group bus. Usually the group bus signal can be output independently via “Group” outputs, or it can be assigned to the main program (stereo) bus to be mixed in with the main stereo program. Channel faders Assigned to Group (Controlled As a Group) Group Fader Once the mix between the channels assigned to the group is established via the channel faders, the overall level of the entire group can be conveniently adjusted via a single group fader. Channel faders Assigned to Stereo (Controlled Individually) Stereo Master Fader 14 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 15 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 4-3. Channel Inserts for Channel-specific Processing Another way to get the mixer’s signal outside the box is to use the channel inserts. The channel inserts are almost always located before the channel fader and, when used, actually “break” the mixer’s internal signal path. Unlike the AUX sends and returns, the channel insert only applies to the corresponding channel. Channel inserts are most commonly used for applying a dynamics processor such as a compressor or limiter to a specific channel—although they can be used with just about any type of in/out processor. Channel Fader When a plug is inserted into the channel insert jack, the internal signal path is interrupted and sent outside the mixer for external processing. Channel insert jacks must be used with a special insert cable that has a TRS phone jack on one end and mono phone jacks on the split “Y” end. One of the mono phone jacks carries the “send” signal to be fed to the input of the external processor, and the other carries the “return” signal from the output of the processor. To the input jack of the external processor To the INSERT I/O jack Sleeve Sleeve Ring Tip Tip To the output jack of the external processor MG16/6FX 15  MG16-6FX.book Page 16 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 5 Making Better Mixes 5-1. Approaching the Mix—Where Do You Start? Mixing is easy, right? Just move the faders around until it sounds right? Well, you can do it that way, but a more systematic approach that is suited to the material you’re mixing will produce much better results, and faster. There are no rules, and you’ll probably end up developing a system that works best for you. But the key is to develop a system rather than working haphazardly. Here are a few ideas to get you started: Faders Down It might sound overly simple, but it is usually a good idea to start with all channel faders off—all the way down. It’s also possible to start with all faders at their nominal settings, but it’s too easy to lose perspective with this approach. Start with all faders down, then bring them up one by one to fill out the mix. But which channel should you start with? Example1: Vocal Ballad Backed by Piano Trio What are you mixing? Is it a song in which the vocals are the most important element? If so you might want to build the mix around the vocals. This means bringing the vocal channel up to nominal first (if your level setup procedure has been done properly this will be a good starting point), and then adding the other instruments. What you add next will depend on the type of material you are working with and your approach to it. If the vocals are backed by a piano trio and the song is a ballad, for example, you might want to bring in the piano next and get the vocal/piano relationship just right, then bring in the bass and drums to support the overall sound. 16 MG16/6FX Example2: Funky R&B Groove The approach will be totally different if you’re mixing a funky R&B number that centers on the groove. In this case most engineers will start with the drums, and then add the bass. The relationship between the drums and bass is extremely important to achieve the “drive” or groove the music rides on. Pay particular attention to how the bass works with the kick (bass drum). They should almost sound like a single instrument— with the kick supplying the punch and the bass supplying the pitch. Once again, there are no rules, but these are concepts that have been proven to work well. Music First—Then Mix In any case, the music comes first. Think about the music and let it guide the mix, rather than trying to do things the other way around. What is the music saying and what instrument or technique is being used to drive the message? That’s where the focus of your mix should be. You’re using a hightech tool to do the mixing, but the mix itself is as much art as the music. Approach it that way and your mixes will become a vital part of the music.  MG16-6FX.book Page 17 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 5-2. Panning For Cleaner Mixes Not only does the way you pan your individual channels determine where the instruments appear in the stereo sound field, but it is also vital to give each instrument it’s own “space” so that it doesn’t conflict with other instruments. Unlike live sound in a real acoustic space, recorded stereo sound is basically 2-dimensional (although some types of surround sound are actually very 3-dimensional), and instruments positioned right on top of each other will often get in each other’s way—particularly if they are in the same frequency range or have a similar sound. 5-3. To EQ Or Not To EQ In general: less is better. There are many situations in which you’ll need to cut certain frequency ranges, but use boost sparingly, and with caution. Proper use of EQ can eliminate interference between instruments in a mix and give the overall sound better definition. Bad EQ—and most commonly bad boost—just sounds terrible. Cut For a Cleaner Mix For example: cymbals have a lot of energy in the mid and low frequency ranges that you don’t really perceive as musical sound, but which can interfere with the clarity of other instruments in these ranges. You can basically turn the low EQ on cymbal channels all the way down without changing the way they sound in the mix. You’ll hear the difference, however, in the way the mix sounds more “spacious,” and instruments in the lower ranges will have better definition. Surprisingly enough, piano also has an incredibly powerful low end that can benefit from a bit of lowfrequency roll-off to let other instruments—notably drums and bass—do their jobs more effectively. Naturally you won’t want to do this if the piano is playing solo. The reverse applies to kick drums and bass guitars: you can often roll off the high end to create more space in the mix without compromising the character of the instruments. You’ll have to use your ears, though, because each instrument is different and sometimes you’ll want the “snap” of a bass guitar, for example, to come through. Boost With Caution Spread them Out! Position your instruments so they have room to “breathe,” and connect in the most musical way with other instruments. Sometimes, however, you’ll want to deliberately pan sounds close together, or even right on top of one another, to emphasize their relationship. There are no hardand-fast rules. Normally (but this is not a rule), bass and lead vocals will be panned to center, as will the kick drum if the drums are in stereo. If you’re trying to create special or unusual effects, go ahead and boost away as much as you like. But if you’re just trying to achieve a goodsounding mix, boost only in very small increments. A tiny boost in the midrange can give vocals more presence, or a touch of high boost can give certain instruments more “air.” Listen, and if things don’t sound clear and clean try using cut to remove frequencies that are cluttering up the mix rather than trying to boost the mix into clarity. One of the biggest problems with too much boost is that it adds gain to the signal, increasing noise and potentially overloading the subsequent circuitry. MG16/6FX 17  MG16-6FX.book Page 18 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Making the Most Of Your Mixer 5-4. Ambience Judicious application of reverb and/or delay via the mixer’s AUX busses can really polish a mix, but too much can “wash out” the mix and reduce overall clarity. The way you set up your reverb sound can make a huge difference in the way it meshes with the mix. Reverb/Delay Time Different reverb/delay units offer different capabilities, but most offer some means of adjusting the reverb time. A little extra time spent matching the reverb time to the music being mixed can mean the difference between great and merely average sound. The reverb time you choose will depend to a great degree on the tempo and “density” of the mix at hand. Slower tempos and lower densities (i.e. sparser mixes with less sonic activity) can sound good with relatively long reverb times. But long reverb times can completely wash out a faster more active piece of music. Similar principles applies to delay. Reverb Tone How “bright” or “bassy” a reverb sound is also has a huge impact on the sound of your mix. Different reverb units offer different means of controlling this—balance between the high- and lowfrequency reverb times, simple EQ, and others. A reverb that is too bright will not only sound unnatural, but it will probably get in the way of delicate highs you want to come through in your mix. If you find yourself hearing more high-end reverb than mix detail, try reducing the brightness of the reverb sound. This will allow you to get full-bodied ambience without compromising clarity. Reverb Level It’s amazing how quickly your ears can lose perspective and fool you into believing that a totally washed-out mix sounds perfectly fine. To avoid falling into this trap start with reverb level all the way down, then gradually bring the reverb into the mix until you can just hear the difference. Any more than this normally becomes a “special effect.” You don’t want reverb to dominate the mix unless you are trying to create the effect of a band in a cave—which is a perfectly legitimate creative goal if that’s the sort of thing you’re aiming for. 18 MG16/6FX 5-5. Built-in Effects & EQ Your MG mixer features a high-performance internal effect system and graphic equalizer that offers extraordinary sound-processing power and versatility without the need for external equipment. The internal DSP (Digital Signal Processor) lets you individually add reverb and delay to each channel in the same way that you can with an external effect unit – but you don’t need to wire up any extra gear, and won’t suffer the signal quality loss that external connections sometimes entail. The graphic equalizer is ideal for shaping the response of the overall mix, and for minimizing feedback in live situations. For details see page 22.  MG16-6FX.fm Page 19 Friday, June 27, 2003 4:08 PM Front & Rear Panels 1 GAIN Control Channel Control Section Channels 1 to 8 (Monaural) Channels 9/10 and 11/12 (Stereo) Adjusts the input signal level. To get the best balance between the S/N ratio and the dynamic range, adjust the level so that the peak indicator (2) comes on only at about maximum input level. Channels 13/14 and 15/16 (Stereo) The –60 to –16 scale indicates the MIC-input adjustment level. The –34 to +10 scale indicates the LINE-input adjustment level. 2 PEAK Indicator 1 Detects the peak level of the post-equalizer signal, and lights up red when the level reaches 3 dB below the clipping level. On stereo input channels equipped with XLR jacks (CHs 9/10 and 11/12), detects both the post-equalizer and post-mic-amp peak levels, and lights up red if either of these levels reaches 3 dB below the clipping level. 3 2 3 4 Switch (High Pass Filter) This switch toggles the HPF on or off. To turn the HPF on, press the switch in ( ). The HPF cuts frequencies below 80 Hz. (But note that regardless of the switch setting, the mixer does not apply this HPF to the line inputs of stereo input channels.) 4 Equalizer 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 6 0 A A A B B B • Monaural (CHs 1 to 8) This three-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high, mid, and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the position produces a flat frequency response. Turning the knob to the right boosts the corresponding frequency band, while turning to the left cuts the band. The following table shows the EQ type, base frequency, and maximum cut/boost for each of the three bands. Band Type HIGH Shelving 10 kHz MID Peaking 250 Hz – 5 kHz (variable) LOW Shelving 100 Hz Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost ±15 dB • Stereo channels (CHs 9/10, 11/12, 13/14, 15/16) This four-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high, hi-mid, lo-mid, and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the position produces a flat frequency response. Turning the knob to the right boosts the corresponding frequency band, while turning to the left cuts the band. The following table shows the EQ type, base frequency, and maximum cut/boost for each of the four bands. Band Type Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost HIGH Shelving 10 kHz HI-MID Peaking 3 kHz LO-MID Peaking 800 Hz LOW Shelving 100 Hz ±15 dB MG16/6FX 19  MG16-6FX.book Page 20 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Front & Rear Panels 5 AUX1 and AUX2 Controls The AUX1 knob controls the signal level that the channel sends to the AUX1 bus; the AUX2 knob controls the signal level to the AUX2 bus. These knobs should generally be set close to the position. If you are using stereo channels, the signals from the L (odd) and R (even) channels are mixed and sent to the AUX1 and AUX2 buses. NOTE These controls allow you to output the signal to the AUX buses regardless of the setting of the ST switch 9. 0 PFL (Pre-Fader Listen) Switch This switch lets you monitor the channel’s pre-fader signal. To set the switch on, press it in ( ) so that it lights up. When the switch is on, the mixer outputs the channel’s pre-fader signal to the PHONES and C-R OUT jacks, for monitoring. A GROUP Switches Use these switches to send the channel's signal to the Group 1-2 and/or Group 3-4 buses. Setting the switch on ( ) causes the signal to be sent to the corresponding group buses. NOTE 6 PRE Switch Selects whether the pre-fader or the post-fader signal is fed to the AUX2 bus. If you set the switch on ( ), the mixer sends the pre-fader signal—the signal prior to passage though channel fader B—to the AUX2 bus, so that AUX2 output is not affected by the fader. If you set the switch off ( ) the mixer sends the post-fader signal to the AUX2 bus. Note that this switch applies to AUX2 only. The signal to the AUX1 bus always passes through the channel fader first. 7 EFFECT Control Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the channel to the EFFECT bus. Note that the signal level will also vary according to the setting of the channel fader. If you are using stereo channels (CHs 9/10, 11/12, 13/14, 15/16), the signals from the L (odd) and R (even) channels are mixed and then sent to the EFFECT bus. 8 PAN Control (CHs 1 to 8) PAN/BAL Control (9/10 and 11/12) BAL Control (13/14 and 15/16) The PAN control determines the positioning of the channel’s signal on the Group 1-2/3-4 buses or on the Stereo L and R buses. The BAL control knob sets the balance between left and right channels. Signals into to the L input (odd channel) feed to the Group 1/3 bus or to the Stereo L bus; signals into the R input (even channel) feed to the Group 2/4 bus or the Stereo R bus. NOTE 9 On channels where this knob provides both PAN and BAL controls (9/10 and 11/12), the knob operates as a PAN control if you are inputting through the MIC jack or into the L (MONO) input only, and operates as a BAL control if you are inputting into both L and R inputs. ST Switch This switch assigns the channel’s signal to the Stereo L and R buses. To send the signal to the Stereo bus, set the switch on by pressing it in ( ). The switch lights up orange to indicate that it is on. 20 MG16/6FX These switches allow you to assign the signal to either or both groups regardless of the setting of the ST switch 9. B Channel Fader Adjusts the output level of the signal being input to the channel. Use these faders to adjust the volume balance among the various channels. NOTE To reduce noise, set the fader sliders for unused channels all the way down.  MG16-6FX.fm Page 21 Thursday, December 11, 2003 9:15 AM Front & Rear Panels 3 TO ST Switch Master Control Section If this switch is on ( ), the mixer sends the signals processed by the GROUP faders (2) onto the Stereo bus. The Group 1/3 signal go to Stereo L and the Group 2/4 signal go to Stereo R. 4 Master SEND C B 7 A 0 D 5 4 9 6 3 8 • AUX1 and AUX2 Controls Adjust the level of the signal output to the AUX1 SEND and AUX2 SEND jacks. • Master EFFECT Control Adjusts the level of the signal on the EFFECT bus. This is the signal that is output through the EFFECT jack. NOTE These Master SEND controls do not affect the level of the signal sent from the internal digital effector onto the Master EFFECT bus. 5 RETURN (AUX1, AUX2, and ST Controls) • AUX1 and AUX2 Controls Adjust the level of the mixed L/R signal sent from the RETURN jacks (L (MONO) and R) to the AUX1 and AUX2 buses. • ST Control Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the RETURN jacks (L (MONO) and R) to the Stereo bus. NOTE If you supply a signal to the RETURN L (MONO) jack only, the mixer outputs the identical signal to both the L and R Stereo buses. 6 2TR IN Control Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the 2TR IN jack to the Stereo bus. 7 PHANTOM +48 V Switch This switch toggles phantom power on and off. If you set the switch on, the mixer supplies power to all channels that provide MIC input jacks (CHs 1–8, 9/10, 11/12). Set this switch on ( ) when using one or more condenser microphones. NOTE 2 1 When this switch is on, the mixer supplies DC +48 V power to pins 2 and 3 of all XLR-type jacks. • Be sure to leave this switch off ( ) when you are not using phantom power. Humming or damage may result if you connect to an unbalanced device or to an ungrounded transformer while this switch is on ( ). But note that the switch may be left on ( ) without problem when connecting to balanced dynamic microphones. • To avoid damage to speakers, be sure to turn off amplifiers (or powered speakers) before turning this switch on or off. 1 ST Master Fader Adjusts the signal level to the ST OUT jacks. 2 GROUP Faders (1-2, 3-4) Adjust the signal level to the GROUP OUT 1 to 4 jacks. MG16/6FX 21  MG16-6FX.book Page 22 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Front & Rear Panels 8 Level-Meter Signal Switches C PHONES Jack These level-meter switches, together with the channel PFL switches, select the signal that is sent through the C-R/PHONES control to the C-R OUT jacks, the PHONES jack, and the level meter. Connector for headphones. This is a balanced stereo phone-type output jack. NOTE The following illustration shows how the switch settings correspond to the signal selection. The signal monitored by these jacks is selected by the Level-Meter Signal switches and the channel PFL switches. D DIGITAL EFFECT Switch Signal PFL 1 2TR IN 2 • PROGRAM Dial Selects the internal digital effect to be applied. You can select from 16 effects, as shown in the table. ST-GROUP GROUP ON PFL ON 2TR - IN C-R OUT & PHONES OFF ST OFF GROUP 1 - 2 OFF OFF 1 HALL 1 9 VOCAL ECHO 1 2 HALL 2 10 VOCAL ECHO 2 3 HALL 3 11 VOCAL ECHO 3 4 ROOM 12 VOCAL ECHO 4 5 PLATE 1 13 VOCAL REVERB 1 6 PLATE 2 14 VOCAL REVERB 2 7 PLATE 3 15 VOCAL REVERB 3 8 GATE REVERB 16 VOCAL REVERB 4 ON GROUP 3 - 4 1 2 ON If the input channel’s PFL switch is on ( ), then only the channel’s PFL output it sent to the C-R OUT jacks, PHONES jacks, and level meter. If the 2TR IN switch is on ( ), the signal supplied to the 2TR IN jack is sent to the C-R OUT jacks, PHONE jacks, and level meter. If the 2TR IN switch is off ( ), then either the Stereo, Group 1-2, or Group 3-4 signal is sent to the C-R OUT jacks (as determined by the ST-GROUP and GROUP toggle switches). 9 C-R/PHONES Control Controls the level of the signal output to the PHONES jack and the C-R L and R jacks. 0 Level Meter This LED display shows the level of the signal selected by the selection switches described in 8 above (the level to the C-R OUT and PHONES jacks). The “0” point corresponds to the standard output level. The indicator lights up red when the output hits the clipping level. A POWER Indicator This indicator lights up when the mixer’s power is ON. B ST GRAPHIC EQUALIZER This 7-band equalizer adjusts the sound of the signal send to the ST OUT jacks. The equalizer is effective only if the GEQ switch is set on ( ). The equalizer cuts or boosts each band (125, 250, 500, 1k, 2k, 4k, and 8k Hz) over a range of ±12 dB. 22 MG16/6FX • PARAMETER Control Adjusts the parameter (depth, speed, etc.) for the selected effect. • AUX1 and AUX2 Controls Adjust the level of the signal sent from the internal digital effector to the AUX1 and AUX2 buses. • ON Switch Switches use of the internal effect on or off. The internal effect is applied only if this switch is turned on ( ). • PFL Switch Set this switch on ( ) if you wish to output the effect signal to the PFL bus. • GROUP Switches (1-2, 3-4) Set one or both switches on ( ) to output the internal effect signal to the GROUP 1-2 and/or GROUP 3-4 buses. • EFFECT RTN Fader Adjusts the signal level from the internal digital effector to the STEREO bus.  MG16-6FX.fm Page 23 Wednesday, January 29, 2003 6:04 PM Front & Rear Panels Rear Input/Output Section A 6 7 8 0 B 5 9 3 4 1 1 Channel Input Jacks 3 Channel Input Jacks • MIC jacks (CHs 1 to 8, 9/10, 11/12) These are balanced XLR-type input jacks. • LINE jacks (CHs 1 to 8) These are balanced phone-type input jacks. You can connect either balanced or unbalanced phone plugs to these jacks. NOTE Where an input channel provides both a MIC jack and a LINE jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only one of these jacks on each channel. 2 INSERT I/O Jacks These are unbalanced phone-type input/output jacks. Each of these jacks is positioned between the equalizer and fader of the corresponding input channel (CHs 1 to 8). These jacks can be used to independently connect these channels to devices such as graphic equalizers, compressors, and noise filters. These are TRS (tip, ring, sleeve) phone jacks that support bidirectional operation. NOTE Connection to an INSERT I/O jack requires a special separately-sold insertion cable such as illustrated below. To the input jack of the external processor To the INSERT I/O jack Sleeve Tip Sleeve Ring Tip 2 To the output jack of the external processor These are unbalanced input jacks. Two jack types are provided: phone type (CHs 9/10 to 15/16) and RCA pin type (CHs 13/14, 15/16). Use these jacks to input stereo signals, inputting the L signal(s) to the odd-numbered channel(s) and the R signal(s) to the even-numbered channel(s). NOTE • Where a channel provides both a phone jack and an RCA pin jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only of these jacks on each channel. • The phone-type jacks for CH9/10 and 11/12 also support monaural input. Specifically, if you input only into the L(MONO) jack of either pair (while leaving the R jack empty), the mixer will propagate the same signal through both the L(MONO) and R inputs. 4 GROUP OUT (1 to 4) Jacks These are impedance-balanced phone-type output jacks that output the Group 1-2/3-4 signals. Use these jacks to connect to the input jacks of an MTR, external mixer, or other such device. 5 ST OUT (L, R) Jacks These jacks output the mixed signal whose level is adjusted by the ST fader in the Master Control section. Output is in stereo (L and R). You use these jacks, for example, to connect to the power amplifier driving your main speakers. • XLR jacks XLR-type balanced output jacks. • Phone jacks TRS phone-type balanced output jacks. The signal output from the INSERT I/O jacks is reverse-phased. This will not be a problem if connecting the jack to an effector. If using the jack to output to an external device, however, please be aware of possible phase conflicts with other signals. MG16/6FX 23  MG16-6FX.fm Page 24 Wednesday, January 29, 2003 6:04 PM Front & Rear Panels 6 C-R OUT Jacks 9 REC OUT (L, R) Jacks These are impedance-balanced phone-type output jacks. These jacks output the mixed signal whose level is adjusted by the C-R/PHONES control. Output is in stereo (L and R). These jacks are typically used to connect to a monitor system. NOTE The signal monitored by these jacks is selected by the Level-Meter Signal switches and the channel PFL switches. These are unbalanced RCA-pin-type output jacks. By connecting these jacks to an external recorder, you can record the same signal that is being output from the ST OUT jacks. NOTE The mixer’s ST Master Fader does not operate on the signal output from these jacks. Be sure to make appropriate level adjustments at the external recording device. 0 2TR IN Jacks 7 SEND Jacks • AUX1, AUX2 These are impedance-balanced phone-type output jacks. These jacks output the signal from AUX1 and AUX2, respectively. You use these jacks, for example, to connect to an effector or to a cue box or other such monitoring system. • EFFECT This is an impedance-balanced phone-type output jack that outputs the signal from the EFFECT bus. You use this jack, for example, to connect to an external effector. These unbalanced RCA-pin-type input jacks are used to input a stereo sound source. Use these jacks when you want to connect a stereo sound sources (CD or DAT) directly to the mixer for monitoring. NOTE You can adjust the signal level using the 2TR IN control in the Master Control section. A POWER Switch Use this switch to set the mixer power to ON or STANDBY. 8 RETURN L (MONO), R Jacks These are unbalanced phone-type input jacks. The signal received by these jacks is sent to the Stereo bus and the AUX1 and AUX2 buses. These jacks are typically used to receive a return signal from an external effector (reverb, delay, etc.). NOTE These jacks can also be used as an auxiliary stereo input. If you connect to the L(MONO) jack only, the mixer will recognize the signal as monaural and will propagate the identical signal on both L and R jacks. Note that trace current continues to flow while the switch is in the STANDBY position. If you do not plan to use the mixer again for a long while, be sure to unplug the adaptor from the wall outlet. B AC ADAPTOR IN Connector Connects to the included PA-30 power adaptor (see page 5). Use only the PA-30 adaptor included with this mixer. Use of a different adaptor may result in fire or electric shock. Connector Polarities INPUT MIC INPUT, ST OUT Pin 1: Ground Pin 2: Hot (+) Pin 3: Cold (–) LINE INPUT (monaural channels), GROUP OUT, ST OUT, C-R OUT, AUX1, AUX2, EFFECT* Tip: Hot (+) Ring: Cold (–) Sleeve: Ground INSERT I/O Tip: Output Ring: Input Sleeve: Ground PHONES Tip: L Ring: R Sleeve: Ground RETURN, LINE INPUT (stereo channels) Tip: Hot Sleeve: Ground OUTPUT Ring Sleeve Tip Sleeve Tip * These jacks will also accept connection to monaural phone plugs. If you use monaural plugs, the connection will be unbalanced. 24 MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.book Page 25 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Setting Up Setup Procedure NOTE (1) Before connecting to microphones and instruments, be sure that all devices are turned off. Also be sure that all of the mixer’s channel faders and master control faders are set all the way down. (2) For each connection, connect one end of the cable to the relevant microphone or instrument and connect the other end to the appropriate LINE or MIC jack on the mixer. (LINE jacks: CHs 1 to 8. MIC jacks: CHs 1 to 8, 9/10, 11/12.) Where an input channel provides both a MIC jack and a LINE jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only one of these jacks on each channel. (3) To avoid causing damage to speakers, power up the devices in the following order: Peripheral devices → mixer → power amps (or powered speakers). NOTE When shutting the system down, turn off the power in the opposite order: Power amps (powered speakers) → mixer → peripheral devices. Setup Examples ■ Home Recording Effector Rhythm Machine Synthesizer MTR Effector Effector Guitar Sound Source (CD, MD, DAT, cassette, video, etc.) Microphone Powered Monitor Speakers Headphones Personal Computer Master Recorder (MD, CD-R, DAT, etc.) MTR MG16/6FX 25  MG16-6FX.book Page 26 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Setting Up ■ Sound Reinforcement for Live Performance Monitor Speakers (Internal) Drums Power Amp Effector Microphones DI CD, Cassette, or DAT Recorder Bass CD Player Synthesizer Effector Guitar Microphones Power Amp Headphones Guitar Main Speakers (External) Example of Speaker Arrangement Stage (Internal) AUX 1 Audience (External) ST 26 MG16/6FX ST  MG16-6FX.book Page 27 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Setting Up Rack Mounting ■ Mounting (1) Two metal rack-mount supports are screwed onto the unit. Use a screwdriver to remove these supports. (2) Turn the supports over, and fasten them into place again using the same screws. (3) Mount the unit into the rack, and fasten it into place. NOTE If you wish you may move the left support to the right side and the right support to the left side, as shown in the drawing. Do not install the mixer near power amps or other heat-generating devices. MG16/6FX 27  MG16-6FX.fm Page 28 Friday, June 27, 2003 4:09 PM Appendix Specifications ■ General Specifications Frequency Characteristics (ST OUT) Total Harmonic Distortion (ST OUT) Hum and Noise 1 Maximum Voltage Gain 2 Monaural/Stereo Input Gain Control Monaural/Stereo High Pass Filter Crosstalk (1 kHz) Monaural Input Channel Equalization: Max. Variation (CHs 1 to 8) 3 Stereo Input Channel Equalization: Max. Variation (CHs 9/10 to 15/16) 3 Graphic Equalizer Internal Digital Effects Monaural/Stereo Input Peak Indicator Level Meters Phantom +48 VDC Power (Balanced input) Included Accessory Power Supply Power Consumption Max. Dimensions (W × H × D) Weight 20 Hz–20 kHz +1 dB, –3 dB @+4 dBu, 600 Ω (with gain control at minimum level) 0.1% (THD+N) @+14 dBu, 20 Hz–20 kHz, 600 Ω (with gain control at maximum level) –128 dBu Equivalent input noise (CHs 1 to 8) –100 dBu Residual output noise (ST OUT) –88 dBu (92 dB S/N) ST, GROUP Master fader at nominal level; all Ch assign switches off. AUX, EFFECT master control at nominal level; all channel mix con–81 dBu (85 dB S/N) trols at minimum level. ST, GROUP Master fader and one Ch fader at nominal level. –64 dBu (68 dB S/N) (CHs 1 to 8) 60 dB CH MIC INPUT → CH INSERT OUT 84 dB CH MIC INPUT → GROUP OUT/ST OUT (CH to ST) 94 dB CH MIC INPUT → ST OUT (GROUP to ST) 62.2 dB CH MIC INPUT → REC OUT (CH to ST) 76 dB CH MIC INPUT → AUX SEND (PRE) 86 dB CH MIC INPUT → AUX SEND (POST)/EFFECT SEND 58 dB CH LINE INPUT → GROUP OUT/ST OUT (CH to ST) 84 dB ST CH MIC INPUT → GROUP OUT/ST OUT (CH to ST) 58 dB ST CH LINE INPUT → GROUP OUT/ST OUT (ST to ST) 47 dB ST CH LINE INPUT → AUX SEND (PRE) 57 dB ST CH LINE INPUT → AUX SEND (POST)/EFFECT SEND 34 dB ST CH INPUT → GROUP OUT/ST OUT (ST to ST) 16 dB AUX RETURN → ST OUT 9 dB AUX RETURN → AUX SEND 27.8 dB 2TR INPUT → ST OUT 44 dB variable 80 Hz 12 dB/octave –70 dB between input channels –70 dB between input/output channels (CH INPUT) ±15 dB HIGH 10 kHz shelving MID 0.25–5 kHz peaking LOW 100 Hz shelving ±15 dB HIGH 10 kHz shelving HI-MID 3 kHz peaking LO-MID 800 Hz peaking LOW 100 Hz shelving 7-band (125, 250, 500 1 k, 2 k, 4 k, 8 k) Max. Variation ±12 dB 16 programs, parameter control On each channel: red indicator lights if post-EQ signal (on ST channels, if either post-EQ signal or post-mic-amp signal) comes within 3 dB of the clipping level. Two 12-point LED meters [Stereo (L, R)] Peak point: red indicator +5, +3, +1, and 0 points: yellow indicators –1, –3, –5, –7, –10, –15, –20: green indicators Supplied when Phantom +48 V switch is ON. Power adaptor (PA-30) USA and Canada: 120 V AC, 60 Hz Europe: 230 V AC, 50 Hz Australia: 240 V AC, 50 Hz Korea: 220 V AC, 60 Hz 51 W 423 × 108 × 416.6 mm 5.5 kg Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V and 0 dBV = 1 V 28 1 Rs = 150 ohms Measured with 12.7 kHz, –6 dB/oct. low pass filter (equivalent to 20 kHz, –∞ filter). (CH MIC INPUT to ST, GROUP OUT/AUX, EFFECT SEND) 2 Turning PAN/BAL to left or right. 3 Shelving turnover/rolloff frequency: 3 dB before maximum cut or boost. MG16/6FX  MG16-6FX.fm Page 29 Friday, June 27, 2003 4:09 PM Appendix ■ Input Specifications Input Connector Rated Level Max. Before Clipping –80 dBu (0.078 mV) –60 dBu (0.775 mV) –40 dBu (7.75 mV) –16 –36 dBu (12.3 mV) –16 dBu (123 mV) +4 dBu (1.23 V) –34 –54 dBu (1.55 mV) –34 dBu (15.5 mV) –14 dBu (155 mV) +10 –10 dBu (245 mV) +10 dBu (2.45 V) +30 dBu (24.5 V) –60 –80 dBu (0.078 mV) –60 dBu (0.775 mV) –40 dBu (7.75 mV) –16 –36 dBu (12.3 mV) –16 dBu (123 mV) –10 dBu (245 mV) –34 –54 dBu (1.55 mV) –34 dBu (15.5 mV) –14 dBu (155 mV) –10 dBu (245 mV) +10 dBu (2.45 V) +30 dBu (24.5 V) Gain Input Appropriate Impedance Impedance –60 MIC INPUT (CHs 1 to 8) 3 kΩ LINE INPUT (CHs 1 to 8) ST CH MIC INPUT (CH9(L)/CH10(R), CH11(L)/CH12(R)) ST CH LINE INPUT (CH9(L)/CH10(R), CH11(L)/CH12(R)) Sensitivity* 50–600 Ω mic 10 kΩ 3 kΩ XLR-3-31 type (balanced) 600 Ω line 50–600 Ω mic 10 kΩ Connector Specifications Phone jack (TRS) (balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) XLR-3-31 type (balanced) 600 Ω line Phone jack (unbalanced) +10 ST CH INPUT (CH13(L)/CH14(R), CH15(L)/CH16(R)) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –30 dBu (24.5 mV) –10 dBu (245 mV) +10 dBu (2.45 V) Phone jack (unbalanced); RCA pin jack CH INSERT IN (CHs 1 to 8) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –20 dBu (77.5 mV) 0 dBu (0.775 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (unbalanced [T: out; R: in; S: ground]) AUX RETURN (L, R) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –12 dBu (195 mV) +4 dBu (1.23 V) +24 dBu (12.3 V) Phone jack (TRS) (unbalanced [T: hot; S: ground]) 2TR IN (L, R) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –26 dBV (50.1 mV) –10 dBV (316 mV) +10 dBV (3.16 V) RCA pin jack Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V and 0 dBV= 1 V * Input sensitivity: the lowest level that will produce the nominal output level when the unit is set to maximum gain. ■ Output Specifications Output Connectors Output Impedance Appropriate Impedance Rated Level Max. Before Clipping Connector Specifications ST OUT (L, R) 150 Ω 600 Ω line +4 dBu (1.23 V) XLR-3-32 type (balanced) +24 dBu (12.3 V) Phone jack (TRS) (balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) GROUP OUT (1-4) AUX SEND (1-2) EFFECT SEND 150 Ω 10 kΩ line +4 dBu (1.23 V) Phone jack (TRS) +20 dBu (7.75 V) (impedance balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) CH INSERT OUT (CHs 1 to 8) 150 Ω 10 kΩ line 0 dBu (0.775 V) jack (TRS) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone (unbalanced [T: out; R: in; S: ground]) REC OUT (L, R) 600 Ω 10 kΩ line –10 dBV (316 mV) +10 dBV (3.16 V) RCA pin jack C-R OUT (L, R) 150 Ω 10 kΩ line +4 dBu (1.23 V) Phone jack (TRS) +20 dBu (7.75 V) (impedance balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) PHONES 100 Ω 40 Ω phone 3 mW 75 mW Stereo phone jack Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V and 0 dBV= 1 V Specifications and descriptions in this owner’s manual are for information purposes only. Yamaha Corp. reserves the right to change or modify products or specifications at any time without prior notice. Since specifications, equipment or options may not be the same in every locale, please check with your Yamaha dealer. European Models Purchaser/User Information specified in EN55103-1 and EN55103-2. Inrush Current: 6A Conforms to Environments: E1, E2, E3 and E4 MG16/6FX 29  MG16-6FX.book Page 30 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Appendix Dimensional Diagrams 393 H 108 101.3 309.6 D 416.6 3 W 423 31.5 27.5 428 480 When mounted on rack 30 MG16/6FX Unit: mm  MG16-6FX.book Page 31 Saturday, January 25, 2003 10:13 AM Appendix Block Diagram and Level Diagram MG16/6FX 31  MG16-6FX.fm Page 32 Thursday, December 11, 2003 9:16 AM For details of products, please contact your nearest Yamaha representative or the authorized distributor listed below. Pour plus de détails sur les produits, veuillez-vous adresser à Yamaha ou au distributeur le plus proche de vous figurant dans la liste suivante. NORTH AMERICA CANADA Yamaha Canada Music Ltd. 135 Milner Avenue, Scarborough, Ontario, M1S 3R1, Canada Tel: 416-298-1311 Die Einzelheiten zu Produkten sind bei Ihrer unten aufgeführten Niederlassung und bei Yamaha Vertragshändlern in den jeweiligen Bestimmungsländern erhältlich. Para detalles sobre productos, contacte su tienda Yamaha más cercana o el distribuidor autorizado que se lista debajo. ASIA BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Belgium Rue de Geneve (Genevastraat) 10, 1140 - Brussels, Belgium Tel: 02-726 6032 FRANCE U.S.A. Yamaha Corporation of America 6600 Orangethorpe Ave., Buena Park, Calif. 90620, U.S.A. Tel: 714-522-9011 CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA MEXICO Yamaha de Mexico S.A. De C.V., Departamento de ventas Javier Rojo Gomez No.1149, Col. Gpe Del Moral, Deleg. Iztapalapa, 09300 Mexico, D.F. Tel: 55-5804-0600 BRAZIL Yamaha Musical do Brasil LTDA. Av. Rebouças 2636, São Paulo, Brasil Tel: 011-3085-1377 ARGENTINA Yamaha Music Latin America, S.A. Sucursal de Argentina Viamonte 1145 Piso2-B 1053, Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: 1-4371-7021 PANAMA AND OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES/ CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Music Latin America, S.A. Torre Banco General, Piso 7, Urbanización Marbella, Calle 47 y Aquilino de la Guardia, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá Tel: +507-269-5311 EUROPE Yamaha Musique France BP 70-77312 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France Tel: 01-64-61-4000 ITALY Yamaha Musica Italia S.P.A. Combo Division Viale Italia 88, 20020 Lainate (Milano), Italy Tel: 02-935-771 SPAIN/PORTUGAL Yamaha-Hazen Música, S.A. Ctra. de la Coruna km. 17, 200, 28230 Las Rozas (Madrid), Spain Tel: 91-639-8888 SWEDEN Yamaha Scandinavia AB J. A. Wettergrens Gata 1 Box 30053 S-400 43 Göteborg, Sweden Tel: 031 89 34 00 GERMANY Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: 04101-3030 SWITZERLAND/LIECHTENSTEIN Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Switzerland Seefeldstrasse 94, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland Tel: 01-383 3990 AUSTRIA YS Copenhagen Liaison Office Generatorvej 8B DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark Tel: 44 92 49 00 Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Austria Schleiergasse 20, A-1100 Wien, Austria Tel: 01-60203900 PT. Yamaha Music Indonesia (Distributor) PT. Nusantik Gedung Yamaha Music Center, Jalan Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav. 4, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia Tel: 21-520-2577 KOREA Yamaha Music Korea Ltd. Tong-Yang Securities Bldg. 16F 23-8 Yoido-dong, Youngdungpo-ku, Seoul, Korea Tel: 02-3770-0660 MALAYSIA Yamaha Music Malaysia, Sdn., Bhd. Lot 8, Jalan Perbandaran, 47301 Kelana Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 3-78030900 TAIWAN Yamaha KHS Music Co., Ltd. 3F, #6, Sec.2, Nan Jing E. Rd. Taipei. Taiwan 104, R.O.C. Tel: 02-2511-8688 NORWAY Norsk filial av Yamaha Scandinavia AB Grini Næringspark 1 N-1345 Østerås, Norway Tel: 67 16 77 70 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: +49-4101-3030 AFRICA Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2313 MIDDLE EAST TURKEY/CYPRUS Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: 04101-3030 Yamaha Music Gulf FZE LB21-128 Jebel Ali Freezone P.O.Box 17328, Dubai, U.A.E. Tel: +971-4-881-5868 INDONESIA Yamaha Music Asia Pte., Ltd. No.11 Ubi Road 1, No.06-02, Meiban Industrial Building, Singapore Tel: 747-4374 DENMARK OTHER COUNTRIES Yamaha Music & Electronics (China) Co.,Ltd. 25/F., United Plaza, 1468 Nanjing Road (West), Jingan, Shanghai, China Tel: 021-6247-2211 SINGAPORE THE UNITED KINGDOM Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. Sherbourne Drive, Tilbrook, Milton Keynes, MK7 8BL, England Tel: 01908-366700 THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA THAILAND Siam Music Yamaha Co., Ltd. 891/1 Siam Motors Building, 15-16 floor Rama 1 road, Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand Tel: 02-215-2626 OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2317 OCEANIA AUSTRALIA Yamaha Music Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 99 Queensbridge Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia Tel: 3-9693-5111 COUNTRIES AND TRUST TERRITORIES IN PACIFIC OCEAN Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2313 THE NETHERLANDS Yamaha Music Central Europe, Branch Nederland Clarissenhof 5-b, 4133 AB Vianen, The Netherlands Tel: 0347-358 040 HEAD OFFICE Yamaha Corporation, Pro Audio & Digital Musical Instrument Division Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2441 PA09 Yamaha Manual Library http://www2.yamaha.co.jp/manual/english/ U.R.G., Pro Audio & Digital Musical Instrument Division, Yamaha Corporation © 2003 Yamaha Corporation V981750 312CRCR1.3-07C0 Printed in China