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POWER AMPLIFIER Owner’s Manual Mode d’emploi Bedienungsanleitung Manual de instrucciónes A CLIP B SIGNAL TEMP PROTECTION POWER ON OFF M  Introduction Thank you for purchasing a Yamaha C450/320/160 series power amplifier. This series of audio amps was developed from Yamaha's wealth of experience in building PA equipment and its tradition of careful attention to every detail of circuit design. These amps feature high power and superb quality together with superior reliability and stability, guaranteeing the highest possible audio performance. Main features of the C450/320/160 series • Two types of input (balanced XLR type connectors and barrier strip), and barrier strip for outputs are provided. • Three operating modes are provided: STEREO mode in which CHANNEL A and B operate independently, PARALLEL mode in which a mono source is output by two amp systems, and BRIDGE mode in which the unit operates as a single high-power amplifier. • A SIGNAL indicator and CLIP indicator is provided for each channel. • The PROTECTION indicator shows the status of protective circuitry such as power-on/ off protection, output muting, and the DC detection circuit. The TEMP indicator warns of heat sink overheating. • Variable-speed low-noise fan(s) ensures high reliability even under demanding conditions. • The C450/320/160 has implemented “EEEngine”, Yamaha’s epochal amp drive technology to create an unrivaled high-efficiency drive. The EEEngine’s energy-saver/low-heat-generation design has reduced power consumption to 50% or less, and reduced heat generation to 35% or less (in field applications, compared to Yamaha’s previous models), and has lead to a reduction in energy cost and to less-restrictive installation requirements related to heat generation. This owner's manual covers the three models C450, C320 and C160. In order to take full advantage of your power amp and enjoy long and trouble-free operation, please read this owner's manual carefully before use. IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM Connecting the Plug and Cord WARNING: THIS APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED IMPORTANT: The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code: GREEN-AND-YELLOW : EARTH BLUE : NEUTRAL BROWN : LIVE As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured markings identifying the terminals in your plug, proceed as follows: The wire which is coloured GREEN and YELLOW must be connected to the terminal in the plug which is marked by the letter E or by the safety earth symbol or coloured GREEN and YELLOW. The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK. The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED. * This applies only to products distributed by YAMAHA KEMBLE MUSIC (U.K.) LTD.  Precautions 1. Avoid excessive heat, humidity, dust and vibration. Keep the unit away from locations where it is likely to be exposed to high temperatures or humidity — such as near radiators, stoves, etc. Also avoid locations which are subject to excessive dust accumulation or vibration which could cause mechanical damage. 5. Make sure power is off before making or removing connections. Always turn the power OFF prior to connecting or disconnecting cables. This is important to prevent damage to the unit itself as well as other connected equipment. 2. Ventilation Allow a distance of 10 cm between the unit and the wall so that heat generated from the unit will be released effectively. Also, allow enough space between the unit and other devices. If you mount the unit in an audio rack, keep a space of 10 cm on the top panel, and a space of 1 cm to the side panel. Remove the rear panel of the rack or open a vent hole. If heat release is inadequate, the unit will retain heat inside the unit, which may cause a fire. 6. Handle cables carefully. Always plug and unplug cables — including the AC cord — by gripping the connector, not the cord. 3. Avoid physical shocks. Strong physical shocks to the unit can cause damage. Handle it with care. 7. Clean with a soft dry cloth. Never use solvents such as benzine or thinner to clean the unit. Wipe clean with a soft, dry cloth. 8. Always use the correct power supply. Make sure that the power supply voltage specified on the rear panel matches your local AC mains supply. Also make sure that the AC mains supply can deliver more than enough current to handle all equipment used in your system. 4. Do not open the case or attempt repairs or modifications yourself. This product contains no user-serviceable parts. Refer all maintenance to qualified Yamaha service personnel. Opening the case and/or tampering with the internal circuitry will void the warranty. Contents Controls and Functions ............................................................. 2 Front Panel ........................................................................... 2 Rear Panel ........................................................................... 3 Modes: STEREO/PARALLEL/BRIDGE ................................ 4 SPEAKER IMPEDANCE...................................................... 4 Caution for Speaker Connection ............................................... 5 Rack Mounting .......................................................................... 6 Mounting in an EIA standard rack ....................................... 6 Mounting four or fewer amps in an open-backed rack ......... 6 Mounting five or more amps, or when (even with four or fewer units) the back of the rack cannot be left open .......... 6 Portable Rack Mounting ...................................................... 7 Positioning the Housed Amplifier ......................................... 7 Specifications ............................................................................ 8 General Specifications ......................................................... 8 Block Diagram ...................................................................... 9 Dimensions .......................................................................... 9 Performance Graphs .......................................................... 10 Troubleshooting ...................................................................... 10  Controls and Functions ■ Front Panel 2 4 3 A CLIP B SIGNAL TEMP PROTECTION POWER ON OFF 1 1 POWER switch and indicator This is the main POWER switch. Press to power ON the amplifier. Press again to power OFF. The POWER indicator lights up when the amplifier is powered ON. 2 TEMP indicator When the temperature of the heat sink exceeds 85 degrees Celsius, this indicator will light red. 3 PROTECTION indicator This red LED indicator lights up for approximately 3 seconds when the amplifier is powered ON, indicating that the soft-start protection system is working. No sound is output during soft-start up. If one of the protection systems is activated during normal use, this indicator lights up and no sound is output. The speaker system is actually disconnected from the amplifier outputs when this indicator lights up. The protection systems are activated when overheating occurs or a DC voltage is present at the amplifier outputs. If the problem is corrected, the protection systems deactivate automatically, this indicator goes out, and normal amplifier operation is resumed. 2 5 4 CLIP indicators These red LED indicators light up when the respective channel’s output signal distortion exceeds 1% (i.e. clipping). Output signal clipping is usually due to excessive input signal levels. 5 SIGNAL indicators These green LED indicators light up when the respective channel’s output signal exceeds 2 Vrms. This is equivalent to 1/2 watt into 8Ω, 1 W into 4Ω.  ■ Rear Panel 2 3 INPUT CHANNEL B CHANNEL A G G 4 5 SPEAKERS (BRIDGE) (PARALLEL) CHANNEL B CHANNEL A BRIDGE STEREO BRIDGE 20 15 20 10 25 30 40 15 10 25 30 6 3 6 3 40 ∞ –dB 0 ∞ –dB 0 CHANNEL B CHANNEL A STEREO PARALLEL 1 1 Volume controls These volume controls allow you to adjust the volume level in 31 steps in the range between –∞ dB and 0 dB. 2 INPUTS (CHANNEL A, B) Two types of balanced inputs for channels A and B are provided. Channel A input is used in Bridge and Parallel mode. 4 SPEAKERS terminals For polarity in each mode, refer to the following diagram. • STEREO, PARALLEL mode SPEAKERS CHANNEL B CHANNEL A BRIDGE STEREO • XLR-3-31 type connectors Pin 1–ground, pin 2–hot (+), and pin 3 cold (-). Hot 1 2 Ground • BRIDGE mode 3 Cold • Barrier strip Hot (+), Cold (-) and Ground (G). 3 STEREO/BRIDGE/PARALLEL switch This slide switch is used to set the amplifier operating mode: STEREO, BRIDGE or PARALLEL. For details on the functionality of each mode, refer to “Modes” on page 4. SPEAKERS CHANNEL B CHANNEL A BRIDGE STEREO In BRIDGE mode, the (-) terminals of CHANNELS A and B are not used. The minimum impedance for the connected speaker system is specified in “Speaker Impedance” on page 4. 5 GND terminals This is the grounding screw terminal. If hum or noise occurs, ground (earth) the unit via this jack, or try connecting it to the chassis of the mixer or preamp, etc. 3  ■ Modes: STEREO/PARALLEL/BRIDGE STEREO mode In this mode, channels A and B operate independently (as a conventional stereo amp). The CHANNEL A input signal will be output from the CHANNEL A output terminals, and the CHANNEL B input signal will be output from the CHANNEL B output terminals. BRIDGE mode In this mode, the CHANNEL A input signal will be output from the BRIDGE output terminals. In this case, use the front panel (channel) A volume control to adjust the volume. PARALLEL mode In this mode, the CHANNEL A input signal will be output from the output terminals of both channels A and B. The CHANNEL B input terminals is not used. The (channel) A and B volumes can be adjusted independently. ■ SPEAKER IMPEDANCE In STEREO and PARALLEL modes, the minimum load (=speaker) impedance is 4Ω. In BRIDGE mode it is 8Ω. Make sure that the impedance does not fall below this specified impedance. STEREO mode connections BRIDGE mode connections SPEAKERS CHANNEL B SPEAKERS CHANNEL A CHANNEL B CHANNEL A BRIDGE STEREO BRIDGE STEREO BRIDGE BRIDGE Set to STEREO Set to BRIDGE STEREO PARALLEL MAX. OUTPUT 450W/4Ω (STEREO) MAX. OUTPUT 900W/8Ω (BRIDGE) – + 4Ω min. + – 4Ω min. PARALLEL mode connections SPEAKERS CHANNEL A BRIDGE STEREO BRIDGE Set to PARALLEL STEREO PARALLEL MAX. OUTPUT 450W/4Ω (STEREO) MAX. OUTPUT 900W/8Ω (BRIDGE) – + 4Ω min. + – 4Ω min. Speaker System 4 PARALLEL MAX. OUTPUT 450W/4Ω (STEREO) MAX. OUTPUT 900W/8Ω (BRIDGE) – + 8Ω min. Speaker System Speaker System CHANNEL B STEREO  Caution for Speaker Connection 1. Turn off the POWER switch. 2. Remove the cover attachment screw(s) and remove the protective cover from the speaker terminals. Screw 3. After removing approx. 15 mm of insulation from the ends of the speaker cables, bind the bare ends of the speaker wires in the corresponding speaker terminals and tighten the terminals to securely clamp the wires. Refer to page 3 for speaker porality. • Speaker fuse The output capacity of your amplifier is very high: 460 W+460 W (8Ω) in stereo and 1240 W (8Ω) in monaural on the C450; 340 W+340 W (8Ω) in stereo and 880 W (8Ω) in monaural on the C320; 160 W+160 W (8Ω) in stereo and 400 W (8Ω) in monaural on the C160. Be sure to use a speaker system that has sufficient input capacity. If the input capacity of your speaker system is lower than the rated output of the power amplifier, you can protect your speakers by connecting a fuse serially between the speaker and amplifier as shown below. Speaker system Power amplifier _ + + _ 15mm* Fuse Use the following formula to determine the fuse capacity according to the speaker’s input capacity. Po = I R → I = Po/R 2 * Shown actual size. At this time make sure that the bare ends of the speaker cables do not extend from the terminals in such a way that they touch the chassis. P0 [W] : Speaker’s continuous input capacity (noise or RMS) R [Ω] : Speaker’s nominal impedance I [A] : Required fuse capacity ex.) Speaker’s continuous input capacity : 100 W Speaker’s impedance : 8Ω I = 100/8 In this example, the required fuse capacity is calculated as 3.5 [A]. Wire should not touch the chassis. • Speaker cable If you use a long speaker cable, use as thick a cable as possible to prevent deterioration of the damping factor or power loss inside the cable. 4. Reattach the protective cover over the speaker terminals. 5  Rack Mounting ■ Mounting in an EIA standard rack If multiple high-power amp units are mounted in a rack with poor ventilation, the heat from the amps will cause the interior of the amp to become very hot, causing the performance of the amps to be impaired. When mounting amps in a rack, you must make provision for ventilation so that the heat can escape. When mounting amps in a rack, please attach ventilation panels above and below the amp to allow air circulation. When doing so, it is necessary for 35% or more of the entire surface area of a 1U size panel to be open. Air circulation will be even better if the top surface of the rack has ventilation openings. Ventilation panel Yamaha provides an optional 1U-size ventilation panel VP1. 44 480 Unit: mm ■ Mounting four or fewer amps in an open-backed rack Install the ventilation panel above the amps, as shown in the following figure. Ventilation panel (attach to the front or rear of the rack) 6 ■ Mounting five or more amps, or when (even with four or fewer units) the back of the rack cannot be left open Install ventilation panels above and below each amp, as shown in the following figure.  ■ Portable Rack Mounting The amplifier intakes cool air through the front panel and exhausts warm air out the rear panel. When mounting amplifiers in a portable rack, make sure the rear panel is completely open for ventilation. (Side View) (Rear View) Completely open Front Air intake INPUT Air exhaust CHANNEL B CHANNEL A G G SPEAKERS (BRIDGE) (PARALLEL) CHANNEL B CHANNEL A STEREO BRIDGE BRIDGE 20 15 20 10 25 30 6 3 40 15 10 25 STEREO PARALLEL 30 6 3 40 ∞ –dB 0 ∞ –dB 0 CHANNEL B CHANNEL A ■ Positioning the Housed Amplifier Place the case so that the ventilation airflow paths are not blocked. Front Less than 10 cm Front NO NO 7  Specifications ■ General Specifications C450 C320 C160 8Ω/STEREO 4Ω/STEREO 8Ω/BRIDGE 460 W + 460 W 620 W + 620 W 1240 W 340 W + 340 W 440 W + 440 W 880 W 160 W + 160 W 200 W + 200 W 400 W 1 kHz 0.05% 8Ω/STEREO 4Ω/STEREO 8Ω/BRIDGE 520 W + 520 W 720 W + 720 W 1440 W 370 W + 370 W 520 W + 520 W 1040 W 175 W + 175 W 230 W + 230 W 460 W 1 kHz, 20 ms, no clip 2Ω/STEREO 1300 W + 1300 W 950 W + 950 W 350 W + 350 W Power Output Level (Rated Power) 20 Hz~20 kHz 0.05% Power Bandwidth Half Power, 0.1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD + N) 20 Hz~20 kHz, Half Power 4~8Ω/STEREO 8Ω/BRIDGE Frequency Response 4~8Ω/STEREO 8Ω/BRIDGE Damping factor 1 kHz, 8Ω Input Impedance SN Ratio 0.05% 10 Hz~50 kHz, +0, –1 dB Intermodulation distortion (IMD) 7 kHz: 60 Hz, 1: 4, Half Power Residual Noise 10 Hz~40 kHz 0.05% 200 30 kΩ/Balance, 15 kΩ/Unbalanced Vol. min. Input 600Ω shunt Channel Separation Slew Rate 8Ω full swing 12.7 kHz LPF IHF-A network –75 dB 12.7 kHz LPF IHF-A network 105 dB Half Power, 8Ω, Vol. max. input 600Ω shunt STEREO BRIDGE 101 dB 65 dB, 20 Hz~20 kHz 75 dB, 1 kHz >30 V/µ sec >50 V/µ sec Sensitivity (Vol. max.) Rated Power into 8Ω +5.7 dB Voltage Gain (Vol. max.) 32.1 dB +4.2 dB +1.2 dB Controls Front Panel Rear Panel POWER switch (Push on/Push off) Volume (31 position dB calibrated) Mode switch (STEREO/BRIDGE/PARALLEL) Connectors Input Barrier strip terminal XLR-3-31 type Barrier strip terminal Output Indicators POWER TEMP PROTECTION (mute) CLIP OUTPUT SIGNAL Protection Circuits (heatsink temp ≥ 85°C) ×2 ×2 POWER switch ON/OFF, Muting, DC detection TEMP (heatsink temp ≥ 95°C) PC limiter RL ≤ 1Ω Fan Circuits Low speed (50°C), Variable, High speed (70°C) Power Requirements United States & Canada Europe Other 120 V, 60 Hz 230 V, 50 Hz 240 V, 50 Hz Power Consumption 500 W/650 VA Dimensions (W × H × D) 480 × 103.5 × 455 mm Weight 16 kg Options Ventilation panel: VP1 0 dB=0.775 Vrms, Half Power=1/2 Power Output Level (Rated Power) Specifications subject to change without notice. 8 104 dB 400 W/500 VA 15 kg 200 W/250 VA 12 kg  ■ Block Diagram SIGNAL Ach Power Amp CHANNEL A CHANNEL A (BRIDGE) (PARALLEL) CHANNEL A PC Limiter G CLIP Temperature Sensor (Heat Sink) INPUT Protection Circuit PROTECTION TEMP SPEAKERS CLIP G SIGNAL CHANNEL B PARALLEL BRIDGE STEREO CHANNEL B Bch Power Amp CHANNEL B PC Limiter 292 45 4.4 55.2 D:455 379.6 61.2 26 ■ Dimensions 424 308 15.5 H:103.5 88 W:480 Unit: mm 9  ■ Performance Graphs Mode:STEREO Both ch Driven RL=4Ω, f=1kHz C450 1k 100 20 5k Power Consumption [W] Power Consumption [W] 5k 1 10 100 1k 1k 100 20 1 Output Power [W] 10 100 1k Output Power [W] Mode:STEREO Both ch Driven RL=4Ω, f=1kHz C160 5k Power Consumption [W] Mode:STEREO Both ch Driven RL=4Ω, f=1kHz C320 1k 100 20 1 10 100 1k Output Power [W] Troubleshooting The following table lists the main causes of abnormal operation and the corrective measures required, as well as the protective circuit operation in each case. Indicator CLIP indicator lights. TEMP indicator lights. PROTECTION indicator lights. 10 Probable Cause Remedy Protection Circuit There is a short at a speaker terminal, amplifier terminal, or wire. Locate and correct the cause of the short. The amplifier load is excessive. Use a speaker system with an impedance of at least 4Ω (stereo) or 8Ω (bridge). The heat sink temperature has exceed 85˚C. Check the ventilation slots, and improve the airflow around the amplifier. Warning by the TEMP indicator. The heat sink temperature has exceeded 95˚C. Check the amplifier ventilation conditions and take appropriate measures to improve airflow around the amplifier. The thermal protection circuit operates to protect the power transistors. A DC voltage of ±2 V or greater was generated in the power amplifier’s output circuit. Consult your dealer or nearest Yamaha service center. The relay operates to protect the speaker system. The PC limiter circuit operates to protect the power transistors.